Free Essays on Children

Deep Book Discussions Research findings Children construct meaning from their experiences. They are not just passive receivers of information; they cognitively interact with new information, based upon what they already know. The traditional theories of learning are teacher dominated. The teacher transmits a body of knowledge that is assumed to be true. The social constructivist perspective proposes that knowledge increases as learners interact with each other and the world. Thus, deep discussion of text is an integral part of the constructivist classroom. Readers must access prior knowledge and interact with the text in order to facilitate comprehension and assimilate new knowledge. In the classroom One way for deep discussion to happen is through social interaction. Students talking to each other-discussing, questioning, sharing points of view-helps them gain and assimilate knowledge. (Gavelek and Raphael) Students need multiple opportunities to talk about text such as:  · Whole class settings  · Student led small-group discussions In whole class settings:  · The teacher reads aloud to the class. Not only is the teacher's enthusiasm for reading contagious but "think alouds" (sharing of the teacher's reading processes as well as related ideas) model reading strategies.  · In Fishbowl or Hot Seat, student takes on the role of a character in the story and answers questions posed by the rest of the class. This may be in a "talk show" format.  · In class brainstorming and/or clustering, teachers and students generate ideas, impressions, facts spontaneously without correction. In student-led, small-group discussions: Reciprocal Teaching. The teacher models strategies of a good reader-generating questions about the content, summarizing, clarifying points, predicting. The students then take over the teacher's role in small groups as they assume responsibility for leading the dialogue. Literature Circles. Two potent ... Free Essays on Children Free Essays on Children Deep Book Discussions Research findings Children construct meaning from their experiences. They are not just passive receivers of information; they cognitively interact with new information, based upon what they already know. The traditional theories of learning are teacher dominated. The teacher transmits a body of knowledge that is assumed to be true. The social constructivist perspective proposes that knowledge increases as learners interact with each other and the world. Thus, deep discussion of text is an integral part of the constructivist classroom. Readers must access prior knowledge and interact with the text in order to facilitate comprehension and assimilate new knowledge. In the classroom One way for deep discussion to happen is through social interaction. Students talking to each other-discussing, questioning, sharing points of view-helps them gain and assimilate knowledge. (Gavelek and Raphael) Students need multiple opportunities to talk about text such as:  · Whole class settings  · Student led small-group discussions In whole class settings:  · The teacher reads aloud to the class. Not only is the teacher's enthusiasm for reading contagious but "think alouds" (sharing of the teacher's reading processes as well as related ideas) model reading strategies.  · In Fishbowl or Hot Seat, student takes on the role of a character in the story and answers questions posed by the rest of the class. This may be in a "talk show" format.  · In class brainstorming and/or clustering, teachers and students generate ideas, impressions, facts spontaneously without correction. In student-led, small-group discussions: Reciprocal Teaching. The teacher models strategies of a good reader-generating questions about the content, summarizing, clarifying points, predicting. The students then take over the teacher's role in small groups as they assume responsibility for leading the dialogue. Literature Circles. Two potent ...

Baleful and Baneful

Baleful and Baneful Baleful and Baneful Baleful and Baneful By Maeve Maddox A reader asks, Would you please tell me the difference between baleful and baneful. I know both adjectives relate to evil. Both of these adjectives derive from ancient Old English words. In Beowulf, a bane is a murderer. By extension, bane came to mean anything that causes destruction. In time, bane came to be a synonym for poison. The element appears in the names of several plants that have poisonous properties: henbane (Hyoscyamus niger) dogbane (Apocynum) wolfsbane (Aconitum lycoctonum) A common name for rat poison (especially white arsenic) is ratsbane. In modern usage the meaning of baneful at its strongest is pernicious; at its mildest, harmful. Here are some examples: The authors neglect the baneful effect of the gold standard in their discussion of the Great Depression and other economic periods.   The Baneful Consequences of the U.S. Dietary Guidelines He deplores the general decline of handwriting and the  baneful effect  on communication.   On the one hand, there is persuasive evidence that gender bias, gender segregation, and gender discrimination still exist and still have a baneful effect on access. The Old English word bealu (the source of bale in baleful) may be translated variously as harm, injury, ruin, evil, mischief, and wickedness. A bealu could be a wound or anything unpleasant. In modern usage, the adjective baleful is used in the sense of threatening: And as he spoke his eyes gleamed, and again that  baleful  smile passed over his face. A  baleful  star, come to cause us harm IRS Turning Its Baleful Gaze At Company Cafeterias That Churn Out Free  Food Sometimes the phrase â€Å"a baleful look† seems to be used as the equivalent of â€Å"an accusing look† or â€Å"a dirty look†: I have one-sided conversations with the dog (who at best cocks his head quizzically at me but most often  casts me a baleful look). Kevin sat on my bed  giving me baleful looks. When I called out to her, she turned and gave me what could only be described as a  baleful look.   As the reader suggests, both baneful and baleful carry connotations of evil. Some speakers do use the words interchangeably, but there’s a difference. In the following examples the word baneful (harmful) would be the clearer choice: The baleful effect of computer benchmarks upon applied mathematics, physics and chemistry. (Title of a paper by a mathematics professor). First, since the evidence suggests that computer technologies generally improve student achievement overall, and no baleful results were found, there should be more computer use by students regardless of social class or geographic location. (From an academic paper about technology and education). Bale (evil) is no longer used apart from the adjective baleful, but the word bane continues to be used as a stand-alone noun in the sense of â€Å"a person who makes another completely miserable† or â€Å"the agent or instrument of ruin or woe†: My ex-husband is the bane of my happiness. Edward Snowden continues to be the bane of U.S. government surveillance and spy operations.   Opium had in fact been the bane of the economic and social life of the Assamese people. Bradford pear one of lifes many botanical banes Fleas are the  bane of my existence. Baleful conveys menace, whereas baneful connotes definite harm. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:100 Words for Facial Expressions"Gratitude" or "Gratefulness"?Drama vs. Melodrama

Discuss the extent to which the globalisation of consumer culture Essay

Discuss the extent to which the globalisation of consumer culture engenders a cosmopolitan culture, where individuals show 'op - Essay Example Obviously, globalization is wide and it involves economic integration, policy transfers across borders, knowledge transmission, cultural stability and the reproduction of power. This paper looks at globalization in the context of consumers’ culture. It particularly seeks to establish the extent to which globalization of consumers’ culture engenders a cosmopolitan culture. In this sense, the paper looks at those issues that make globalization a process that brings about heterogeneity in consumer preferences and behaviours. While the paper looks at the heterogeneity of culture as a result of globalization, it also sets the limits beyond which globalization cannot bring about heterogeneity of culture, but as such, bring about universality of culture. Hannerz (1999 p.12) described cosmopolitanism as an intellectual and aesthetic openness toward divergent cultural experiences. This implies that globalization results in cultural diversification and not the homogeneity of cult ure. According to Hannerz, people make their way into other cultures through listening, looking, intuiting and reflecting. In the words of Hannerz, cosmopolitanism is the willingness to become involved with the other in a bid to attaining cultural competence. However, in order to make one’s way into a different culture, the social bonds between locals must be weak, less binding and universal (Usunier, 2009 p. 11). These conditions are necessary because they make it possible to allow and accommodate different cultures. One of the widely accepted impacts of globalization is the development of individual outlook, behaviors and feelings that cut across local and national boundaries. This comes about as a result of globalized or globalizing cultural elements which are always related to Western cultural imperialism (Hollensen, 2000 p. 44). A case in point regards to products that originate in the West finding their way to non-west countries. Normally, these products carry Western v alues with them and are consumed daily on a global scale. Examples of these products include newspapers, music, movies, TV programs, books and magazines. Such products have widely been accepted in many regions of the world. The problem that emerges is whether to call this civilization clash or cultural imperialism. While some people will accommodate this foreign culture, others will protest against it in the name of cultural imperialism (Gesteland, 1999 p. 38). This brings in the concept of cultural relativism. This is a concept that marked the end of the era of Western colonialism. In light of this, the concept recognizes the unique or relative values of different cultures. The extent to which these values are recognized as a result of globalization is limited for the simple reason that these unique values may not be self-sustainable. Also, these cultures may not be in equal positions. From this, it is safe to conclude that globalization is uneven, differentiated and asymmetrical p rocess. As such, the extent to which it engenders cosmopolitan culture is restricted by these characteristics. Human beings are defined by their culture (Gesteland, 1999 p. 44). It is culture that differentiates man from other creations and also differentiates man from other men. This is to say that human beings are unique in the universe due to their culture and that human beings

Think Small First Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Think Small First - Essay Example    This research tells that the entire process of running a corporation appeared as if the entire company administration was not running a business but doing clerical jobs with official departments managing company affairs. Smaller companies were not regarding worth consideration whenever any change or amendment was required in company legislation, whereas the fact is that bigger companies emerge only from smaller setups. It was a sort of degradation of corporate system of business administration. The present company legislation has changed the entire scenario and brought in simplified procedures and practices to encourage small entities to incorporate businesses following the revolutionary provisions promulgated under the Companies Act 2006. The provisions of the Companies Act, 2006 will be fully effective from October 2009. The motto is to think small first in order to grow bigger. With this background, the different provisions of the Companies Act 2006 are examined hereunder to find out the realities. One of the objectives of the Companies Act 2006 is to ‘think small first.’ This ‘key theme behind the Act is to reflect realities of companies in operation today. Much of the current system is predicated on the basis of large companies, whereas the vast majority of the companies are an owner- managed with five or fewer persons involved. Therefore, one of the stated aims of reform is to simplify the creation and operations of private companies, based around a ‘think small first’ approach.’ In this way reform of regulation of smaller and private companies has taken the center stage with the changes brought in by the Companies Act, 2006. The main changes brought in by the Companies Act,2006 for small companies related to the formation of the company, carrying out routine business like resolutions and meetings, accounts and auditing, and financial assistance and capital maintenance. The formation of the company has become a simp le procedure now as compared to earlier legislation.

The future of women in politics Essay Example for Free

The future of women in politics Essay Within the realm of world politics, males vastly outnumber females. Womens suffrage is a relatively new movement. Only in the last century have women won the opportunity to vote. Since 1960, only 24 nations have elected women to leadership positions. As women gain political power, political analysts and scholars debate the influence that females will exert upon international policy. According to popular feminist views, women will reverse the violent tendencies of men and create a more peaceful world. This prediction is based on the assumption that men are inherently violent and genetically predisposed to wage war. However, the militaristic actions of female leaders like Margaret Thatcher may prove otherwise. Francis Fukuyama and Mary Caprioli explore the cultural stereotypes of women and question the relationship between politics and biology. In his essay, Women and the Evolution of World Politics, Francis Fukuyama argues that men are biologically inclined to wage war. He portrays men as violent, immoral and unable to break away from genetic programming. Citing examples of extreme violence in Bosnia, Rwanda, Sierra Lione, Georgia and Afghanistan, Fukuyama blames mens inherited aggressive tendencies for the social and political unrest in the world. Apparently, male behavior has not changed since the primitive societies like the Yanomamo. Men, according to Fukuyama, behave like the chimps at Gombe (262). While the genetic make up of humans is remarkably similar to that of chimpanzees, the unique incident at Gombe does not prove that masculinity equates with innate aggression. In fact, it is well known that wild chimpanzees are typically non-violent. At Gombe, researchers interfered with the natural environment. Chimps were suddenly faced with food shortages, and they reacted with uncharacteristic violence. Fukuyama would have his readers believe that organized violence began with mans primitive ancestors and â€Å"The Future of Women in Politics† Page # 2 continued on an unobstructed path to present day man. On the contrary, archeologists have not found cave paintings of battles. Evidence of collective violence appears tens of thousands of years beyond the time that the human species branched away from chimpanzees. War was the result of agricultural societies competing for resources. How could armies of men organize for war if society was not yet organized? Fukuyama does not answer this question. The reason that men are chosen as soldiers over women may be rooted in biology. However, it is doubtful that the reason lies in the genetic coding of their personalities. With their pronounced upper body strength, men are better equipped physically to use maces, bows and swords. Beyond that, most men do not enlist in the army to strengthen their fighting skills or satisfy their primordial thirst for killing. The US Army recruits soldiers by promoting honor, loyalty, and courage. Young men are lured in by the promise of educational benefits, health care and financial incentives. Following Fukuyamas argument, the armed forces would not have to coerce men to join. If organizing for the sake of violence is their biological calling, then why must governments institute drafts? Perhaps draft dodgers† of the future will be forced to undergo gene therapy. But, it is very unlikely that scientists will ever find a gene for aggressive or competitive behavior. Human behavior is the result of multiple genes interacting with a variety of biological and social forces. No single behavior can be associated with the X or the Y chromosome. Men are trained to fight wars. They are removed from normal society and deprogrammed. Soldiers must undergo extreme psychological conditioning to prepare for battle. Fukuyama makes an illogical leap from observing individual behavior to explaining formally organized warfare. â€Å"The Future of Women in Politics† Page # 3 War is not an impulsive act carried out by a group of aggressive males. The decision to exercise military force requires strategic planning. It is best described as a politically motivated strategy within the realm of complex foreign policy. Political leaders are predominantly male. But, this does not necessarily prove that the use of political force is limited to the male gender. As Caprioli points out, women who have obtained the power to act violently have done so (267). Only in the last 100 years have women been granted the right to participate in elections and hold elected positions. Womens suffrage is a relatively recent development in politics. The world ushered in the first female prime minister in 1960 and the first female president in 1974. Heads of state, regardless of gender, are bestowed with the power to use military force against foreign bodies. In order to compare the degrees of force ordered by male and female heads of state, Caprioli examined the Militarized Interstate Dispute (MID) data set compiled by Stuart Bremer. If Fukuyamas assessment of womens behavior was true, then MID should report that females rarely or never ordered the use of force. Contrarily, MID revealed no difference in the decisions made by men or women. Both female and male leaders rely on the use of force, most frequently. According to this evidence, female leaders are no more peaceful than their male counterparts (Caprioli, 267). The fight for womens suffrage was based on achieving political equality not to conquer the militaristic male agenda. As women rise up and gain political power, they are breaking the chains of traditional stereotypes. The role of a president is different than the role of a homemaker. In the home, women are the designated caretakers. Rearing children and maintaining the household are the foremost priorities. Obviously, women are biologically suited to give birth and breastfeed. Preparing dinner and performing chores fulfill social needs. â€Å"The Future of Women in Politics† Page # 4 Traditionally, women have been shielded from violence by cultural socialization. However, suffrage has opened up new opportunities for women to approve of and use political force. During World War II, American women were honored by images of Rosie the Riviter. The war provided millions of women with employment in the defense industry. All of these women willingly and proudly contributed to Americas military success. Furthermore, women who are employed by the State and the Defense Departments are freed from their conventional social constraints and thusly exhibit support for violence (Caprioli, 270). Female leaders share the same responsibilities and confront the same threats as males. Regardless of gender, political rulers must create laws, collect and distribute taxes, and shape foreign policy. Germany, for instance, recently elected a female chancellor who adamantly defends the US invasion of Iraq. Caprioli concludes that, As American society becomes more egalitarian with regard to the sexes, women are gaining more power. This power may not be directed toward pacifist, nurturing ideals (272). For women, achieving political equality means utilizing force as a function of political leadership. Despite social training and genetic constitution, women have proven their individual and collective ability to perform aggressive acts and their proclivity to compete for social status. Competition for social status is hardly limited to men. Prime time television in America is flooded with reality shows that pit women against each other to win fame, fortune and romance. Marketers prey upon womens social drive to keep up with the Joneses. Women are convicted for homicide, infanticide and child abuse. Although men are more likely to exhibit violent behavior, even Fukuyama admits that the number of women incarcerated for violent crimes is increasing in the same proportion to that of men (Caprioli, 272). Female guerrillas have fought. â€Å"The Future of Women in Politics† Page # 5 in Central and South America. An unsuccessful female suicide bomber was recently arrested in Jordan. Women are well known to be propagators of violence. In conclusion, Fukuyama incorrectly correlates the aggressive behavior of men with genetic programming. His example of the warlike actions of the chimps at Gombe has been taken out of context and does not prove does that masculinity equates with innate aggression. The use of violence to gain social control cannot be traced straight back to the origins of man. In fact, archeologists have yet to find evidence of organized warfare that predates the existence of agricultural societies. According to Fukuyamas logic, war is the sum of many individuals violent behaviors and actions. In reality, war is the result of complex processes within foreign policy. His assessment is far too simplistic to support his claims. Caprioli provided evidence that female heads of state are just as likely to use force as their male counterparts. As women rise to positions of ultimate political power, they are freed from the social constraints of their gender stereotypes. Based on the documented actions of female presidents and prime ministers, it is doubtful that a world run by women will be more peaceful. Works Cited Caprioli, Mary. â€Å"The Myth of Women’s Pacifism. † Taking Sides: Clashing Views on Controversial Issues in World Politics An Original Essay Written for This Volume (1999) Ed. Rourke, John T. Guilford, CN: McGraw-Hill/Dushkin, 2005. Fukuyama, Francis. â€Å"Women and the Evolution of World Politics† Taking Sides: Clashing Views on Controversial Issues in World Politics Ed. Rourke, John T. Guilford, CN: McGraw-Hill/Dushkin, 2005 (Reprinted from Foreign Affairs, September/October 1998).

Essay --

The tobacco industry is known as one of the most controversial industries around the globe. The conflicting two viewpoints that raise challenges for the industry are between the people involved in the industry and those affected by it. Large producers and manufacturers of tobacco products argue that the production plays a vital role in the world economy contributing billions of dollars each year in tax dollars. On the opposing side is the health argument stating that over half of tobacco smokers die of tobacco related illnesses around the globe. As an ever growing global industry it has become more prevalent as well as scrutinized over the past one hundred years. Tobacco is one of the most widely used addictive substances in the world and can grow in â€Å"any warm, moist environment, which means it can be farmed on all continents except for Antarctica†. The plant itself is native to the Americas and historically one of the half-dozen most important crops grown by American fa rmers For nearly 200 years between the 1600’s to the 1800’s tobacco was one of the most valuable exports from the English American colonies and the United States. All the way up until the mid-1900’s the United States not only produced but also exported and manufactured more tobacco than any other country around the globe. As an agricultural product the prices of all tobacco products depends on crop yields which can be affected by all elements such as weather conditions. It wasn’t until the 1960’s when the potentially deadly effects of tobacco were discovered did the industry suffer a decline. This tobacco related evidencing side effects led to an immediate decline in support of the industry as a whole, specifically the producers and manufacturers. Laws around... ...any issues surrounding tobacco smoking such as heart disease, lung cancer, etc. Being that tobacco is a highly addictive product these products fulfill the need and craving of nicotine without the side effects of cigarette smoking. These products are supported greatly in the fight to stop tobacco consumption and do not face any restrictions within the market, unlike tobacco. Furthermore, over these past few years increasing technology has affected the tobacco industry. Electronic cigarettes have begun replicating the oral fixation and craving that smoking gives to users. By satisfying this urge these electronic cigarettes have quickly become a very popular alternative within the market. There is an inverse relationship between their popularity and the usage of tobacco products. As the number of users of replacement products increases, tobacco usage then decreases.

A & P Case Study on Addisons Disease

Unit 1 Case Study Addison’s disease is from a result from damage to the adrenal cortex. These two adrenal glands are located on top of the kidneys, where they are enclosed in a fibrous capsule and a cushion of fat. . The have an outer portion, called the cortex, which is a glandular tissue derived from embryonic mesoderm. The inner portion called the medulla, which is more like a knot of nervous tissue than a gland and it is part of the sympathetic nervous system. The adrenal cortex synthesizes over two dozen steroid hormones called corticosteroids. The Adrenal medulla is part of the autonomic nervous system. They are often referred to as the suprarenal glands. That damage causes the cortex to produce less of their hormones (corticosteroids) The 3 types of hormone secreted are the glucocorticoid hormone (Cortisol) which maintain glucose control, decrease immune response and help the body respond to stress. The mineralocorticoid hormones (aldosterone) regulates sodium and potassium balance. The 3rd one is the sex hormones, androgen and estrogen, which affect sexual development and sex drive. There are a few things that may cause damage such as, the immune system mistakenly attacking the gland autoimmune disorder), infections such as tuberculosis, HIV or fungal infections. Hemorrhage’s, tumors and use of blood thinning drugs are some other causes. Risk factors for the autoimmune type of Addison’s disease include chronic thyroiditis, dermatis herpetiforms, Graves’ disease, hypoparathyroidism, hypopituitarism, myasthenia gravis, testicular dysfunction, type 1 diabetes and pernicious anemia. Usually the destruction of the adrenal gland cortex is often gradual and the symptoms are mild. Addison’s often goes undiagnosed until a sudden illness or accident occurs. The worsening of symptoms is called acute adrenal insufficiency and can be life threatening. Let’s go back to the start of symptoms with Addison’s disease. Here are a few, changes in heart rate and blood pressure, chronic diarrhea, darkening of the skin (it becomes patchy), irregular menstruation, irritability, paleness, extreme weakness, fatigue, loss of appetite, salt cravings, slow, sluggish movements, weight loss, lesions on the buccal mucosa, nausea and vomiting. Acute adrenal crisis have similar symptoms of course, however you will also see abdominal ain, confusion, dizziness, headaches, joint pain, rapid heart rate, rapid respirations, shaking chills, unusual and excessive sweating on face and/or palms. And in severe cases coma and/or death. The initial diagnosis and decision to treat are based on history, physical examination and lab findings. Lab tests such as ACTH stimulation test, cortisol level, fasting blood sugar, serum potassium and serum sodium. Tests ma y show an increase in potassium, low cortisol level, low serum sodium. The Adrenal medullae normally secrete 80% epinephrine and 20% norepinephrine. Sympathetic stimulation results in secretion. Epinephrine is the more potent stimulator of metabolic activities, but norepinephrine has the greater influence on peripheral vasoconstriction and blood pressure. The adrenal cortex produces the 3 hormones listed above. Cortisol is produced from 2 hydroxylations of 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone. Cortisol is 90-93% protein bound. Glucocorticoids are nonspecific cardiac stimulants that activate release of vasoactive substances. So in the absence of corticosteroids, stress results in hypotension, shock and even death. Glucocorticoids stimulate gluconeogenesis and decrease cellular glucose use, obilize amino acids and fatty acids, inhibit the effects of insulin, and give rise to ketone bodies in metabolism, elevate RBC and platelet levels and exhibit anti- inflammatory effects. Adrenal crisis occurs when the adrenal gland is damaged (primary adrenal insufficiency), the pituitary gland is injured (secondary adrenal insufficiency) or that adrenal insufficiency is not properly treated. Treat ment with replacement corticosteroids will control the symptoms of this disease, and this usually will require the patient to take these drugs for life. It is receive a combination of glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids. The provider may increase the dose in times of infection, injury and stress. With adrenal crisis patients will need an immediate injection of hydrocortisone, either IM, or IV. If the blood pressure is extreme low IV fluids will be helpful. Complications can occur if you take too much or not enough of the adrenal hormone supplement. This complications can arise due to related illnesses such as diabetes, chronic thyroiditis, hypoparathyroidsim, ovarian hypofunction or testicular failure, thyrotoxicosis and pernicious anemia. Low sodium with Addison’s should be carefully corrected, if one to quickly it can lead to brain damage, this is noted in a 2004 article in â€Å"American family Physician† they require immediate but slow administration of saline, which is basically salt water, composed of sodium chloride in water. They list a second step which then be finding the underlying cause. Primary adrenocortical insufficiency is not a common disorder. It’s incidence in western populations are near 50 cases per 1,000, 000. However with the widespread corticosteroid use secondary adrenocortical insufficiency due to steroid withdrawal has become much more common. Approximately 6,000,000 persons in the United States are considered to have undiagnosed adrenal insufficiency, which is significant only during times of physiologic stress. Primary adrenocortical insufficiency does have many etiologies. But it is noted that 70-80% of the cases in the United States are caused by autoimmune adrenal destruction. It is found that about 30% of the time the adrenal damage is due other causes such as TB. In children about 70% of the cases are caused by a congenital disease termed congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Primary adrenocortical insufficiency affects men and women equally, women are affected 2-3 imes more often by the idiopathic autoimmune form of adrenal insufficiency. In idiopathic autoimmune adrenal insufficiency, the diagnosis is most often found in the third to fourth decades of life. This disease however is not limited to any specific age group. â€Å"American Family Physician†, Kian Peng:2004 â€Å"Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease†, Vinay Kumar 8th Ed 2009 http:/emedicine. medscape. com/article/765753-overview http:/labtestsonline. org/understanding/conditions/addisons-disease/ http:/www. nlm. nih. gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000378. htm

Inventory Management: Types of Inventory Essay

Introduction Inventory is defined as a stock or store of goods .generally speaking, inventory can be divided by two types: independent demand and dependent demand, independent demand is kind of demand which is no need to rely others types of item they are ordered by the external customers or manufacturer for stock and sale. If one type of inventory depends upon another item, take the example of car. The car as finished goods is as independent demand item, while the raw materials and components used in the manufacture of the finished Goods.The number of goods depends on the types of the firm. If the firm is a manufacturer, it must maintain some inventory of raw materials and work-in-process in order to keep the factory operating. In addition, finishedgoods are another necessary inventory for the firm to meet the customers who need the goods suddenly. The firm which has enough inventories to satisfy customer is a goodevaluation for the firm’s standard and itsstability, italso is a good way to save the costs of production fee. There are 8 types of inventories: buffer inventory, de-coupling inventory anticipation inventory, pipeline inventory raw materials, partially completed goods and maintenance inventory and in-transmit goods inventory. I will use an example as a cart factory with four types of inventories and it will be raw materials, work-in-progress, finished goods and maintenance tools. Body Raw materials Raw materialsare one of the inventory items that are used in the manufacturer’s conversion process to produce the semi-completive goods and finished productsTypically, raw materials are the things such as ore, grain, minerals, petroleum, chemicals, paper, wood, paint, steel, and food items.cart is kind of old tools using for transfer goods, because it can saving the cost of the production, and the electric cart can be using as a vehicle, so what is the comments of the cart Consider an example of a rolling cart. This cart consists of a top that is pressed from a sheet of steel, a frame formed from four steel bars, and a leg assembly consisting of four legs, rolled from sheet steel, each with a caster attached, so even one component’sof cartcannot be made of without any types of materials. And if the firm buy large amount of quantity ,the factory which provide the raw materials for the firm may use â€Å"quantity discount model†, it will bring the benefit both factory and the firm Thefigure below showsus the cost that the firm charges for the customers from different period: From the figure that we can know: If the ordering quantity is less than or equal to Q1 then purchase price is Cp1. If the ordering quantity is more than Q1 and less than Q2 then purchase price is Cp2. If the ordering quantity is greater than or equal to Q2 then purchase price is Cp3. But this figurecannot show us a continuous total cost curve, because the annual purchase cost breaks at two places namely at Q1 and Q2.It means the more quantities customer order, the total cost is lower, this model achieve the economy of scale the benefit achieved through economy of scale that he wants to pass it onto customer. The how a firm saves the money and how much it can save, thecalculation below briefly shows the process: Thefirm decides to order the logs from the factory, and the ordering size is Lot-For-Lot.supposing they order annual demand is 1500units per year, holding cost is $30 per unit per year,ordering cost is $50 unit per year, and if order less than80 units the cost will be $55 per unit, however. If the firm orders more 70 or equal to 70 will be $52.5 per unit.According the EOQ calculation, firm’s order demand around 707 units.so the firm only need toordering10 more units will get $2.5 per unit. So the total holding ordering, and item costs for the year=ï ¼Ë†Q/2ï ¼â€°H+(D/Q)+DP, according this formula, if the firm buy 80 units, the total cost will be $83571.42,if the firm buy 80 units, the total cost will be $79968.75,it means the firm can save $3602.67.So it is the effect from the â€Å"quantity discount model† Work-in-process Work-in-process also can calledpartially completed goods, or subassemblies that are no longer part of the raw materials inventory and not yet part of thefinished products, it is hard to calculate amount of partially completed goods, so it is time wasted and some part of production cost is also put in the partially completed goods, however, it is also a process that almost all the firm use to decide the amount of the finished goods. Actually, when many type of accessories and clothing produce by the factory they always need many processes to do, so all the partially completed goods will appear in the process, the picture of shoes factory are operating their workobviously, this is a conveyorsystem which is use to producing the sole, and it is working automatically, it means this factory is using the batch process. This process can make Jobs set up so they can be run to completion without manual intervention, so all input data are preselected through scripts, command-line parameters, or job control language. Unlike interactive processing that prompts the human user for a command, batch processing stores up several tasks and executes them while the computer is idle. This frees up memory for more exhaustive programs and speeds up productivity. But how the system work is? One system need one set of data files as input data, and then it can produce one set of output data, and the input data are collected and are processed into the diagram. There is no doubt that using batch process can bring some benefits to the shoes factory, first of all, it can deduce the waste of time, †time waste† is a costly problem, however ,the factory still hard to avoid this problem,however† batch process† is a good way to maintain the time,and it also avoid the worker supervision minute-by-minute. Finished goods Finished goods are completely manufactured products and they are ready to sale and send to the market .For example, clothing, computer is kind of finished goods, however, like orange apple cannot count into finish food, although it can sale to the customers. In order to explain finished good more clearly, I will use an example with ABC classification. ABC classification is a ranking system to identifying how useful and importance of those inventories for achieving business goals. The picture above are showing the exactly figure that how many percentage they have on both stock items and total inventory value. A refers to a very important inventory; it means the products will be high value but little stock refers to moderately important inventory, so all percentage of items and the products of value are balance. C refers to least important inventory, it means the products may be just hold the low value but the firm holds so many stocks about it. Normally, ABC classification system is used by the firm to controlling their inventories, forexample, one firm they are selling electronic products, and they want to saving the space so that they have to set the number of different types of inventory they want to keep, in order to saving the holding cost. Television is a high value product, so maybe not all the customers will buy it, and it is not always need from the customers, so it can put in the A level of classification. And now still have so many customers enjoying to buy PSP and mp4 to reach their entertainment purpose ,this kind of product’s value is medium, however. The firm may consider put these more than the products like television and computers, because the price is cheaper, so it will have more customers buy it with less consideration. And the C classification can related to the products like the mouse and keyboard, because of the cheap price, so many people willing to buying it without consideration.so in order to prevent the â€Å"stock out conditions, the firms will holding a lot of the inventory, in other words, this firm have safety stock which is held in excess of expect demand due to variable rate and lead time. Although it will increase the holding cost, however, it will bring the benefit for the firm, once the firm purchase a lot from the suppliers, it will get the discounts, so it can save the cost of productionand this firm has enough inventories, it can satisfy the customers and meet their requirement levels. Maintenance inventory Maintenance inventory is a type of special inventory which is not for sale. Why the firms need to keep there kind of inventory? These kinds of inventories always refer to something like the machine which is using to produce the raw materials. Normally the firm can exchange their goods with the suppliers when shelf life of the item expired, however, from the research we knows that only 50% of the organizations polled in a survey allowed maintenance any controls over their inventory, so finally they have to maintain the spoil or expiry inventory by their internal politics. So theywill prepared some machines to incase the machines are spoil when they are doing their work. And how are the firms going to controlling their maintenance inventory? Historical model is a good choice, historical system is a method of distributed smart client software construction and it is based on a model of software behavior as a graph of partially ordered facts. From the graph we can knows that how the historical system work, first of all, the firm will put the previous conversation and message’s figure as input data, and the machine can record and do the same work at the next time, for example, the gift card system is become common and normal in our daily life, we only know that is anautomatic machine, however, how is that work? The first step is to identify changes. The second steps is to refine changes, it means normally all the customer will not all have a same action, so the people who set the gift card figure, they also need to think of all the impossible condition as input data and type them in. The third step is to query the model, ask questions till the gift card machine can reply it correctly, and the fourth step is to repeat step one, two, three. Compare with the traditional models, The advantages of historical system are history makes a number of operations easy that are difficult when dealing with state, the historical model can recognizing and resolving conflicts between two parties, caching and synchronizing changes, and durably transmitting messages all become simple operations. Conclusion Inventory is use to achieving satisfaction level of customer service and keeping the inventory costs within the reasonable level. A successful company will have their effective inventory management, first of all, the company should have a complete system to keep track of inventory and the firm will have a reliable forecast of demand and reasonable estimate of holding costs, ordering costs and shortage costs. And if the firm have the classification inventories, what kind of benefit will bring to then, smoothing production requirements and decouple operations, in order to saving the cost of the workers. Safety stock is a strategy that a firm will use it to protect against stock out conditions. All most all the firm will keep inventory, because it can not only save the costs, but also it is convenient way, the firm can take advantage of order cycles, they no need to order the stocks so frequently, and it also can help hedge against price increase, and the most easy way is to take advantage of quality discounts, it is mean that the firm buy a large amount of inventory, normallythe suppliers always can give discounts when the firm buy the large amount of raw materials, and sometimes it can have another kind of conditions, maybe when the firm store the inventory and after that the price will increase, and because the firm already have the enough stocks, so it is another way to saving the cost of the products. Anyway inventory management is an important lesson for the firm Reference * E notes: Inventory types, available at http://www.enotes.com/inventory-types-reference/inventory-types, view on 29/01/2013 * Inventory models, available at http://cde.annauniv.edu/CourseMat/mba/sem2/dba1651/im.html,view on 29/01/2013 * Types of inventories: independent and dependent demand, available at http://www.managementstudyguide.com/types-of-inventories.htm.view on 31/01/2013 * Accounting tools, available at http://www.accountingtools.com/dictionary-work-in-process-inv,view on 31/01/2013 * From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia,02/02/2013 ,Batch process, Available at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batch_processing,view on 03/02/2013 * By terry wireman available at http://reliabilityweb.com/index.php/articles/maintenance_inventory_and_purchasing/,view on 03/02/2013 * Michael L Perry, 03/30/2009, what is historical modeling available at http://historicalmodeling.com/book/,view on 04/02/2013

The Current Poverty Lines †Economics Essay

The Current Poverty Lines – Economics Essay Free Online Research Papers The Current Poverty Lines Economics Essay In 1996, the United Nations designated that year as the International Year for the eradication of poverty; unfortunately poverty statistics for 1996, as reported by the National Council of Welfare, show that Canada came nowhere near to meeting that goal. Living in poverty is more common among families in our community than we believe. Everywhere you go, there is always some homeless person asking you for change, or you hear about another family on the news asking for help because they cant pay their bills, or are getting evicted from their home. Another surprising statistic was that between 1989, to 2000 Hunger Count 2000 reported that the food bank use had grown an astonishing 96%; granted Toronto is largely overpopulated, with a vast number of poor families, but that number is just ridiculous. Toronto is a very large and expensive city to live in, but families who are poor, live way below the poverty line. For example, a family of four which is living in Toronto with an income of $35, 455 in 2001 would be living below the poverty line, contrary to the same family living in a small town would not have been below the poverty line, unless their income was less than $24, 502. This surprising statistic from Statistics Canada may suggest that many families might actually be choosing to live in poverty because of the fact that they live in a larger city, and if they moved to a smaller town, they would no longer be living below the poverty line. However, this is the wrong perception to take on poor families; most of them cannot even afford to move because they would not be able to find jobs somewhere else, possibly because of their lack of education. Also, most family’s pre-tax income is less than $25,744 which according to Stats Canada, is living below the poverty line. Poverty does not only affect specifically families or adult individuals, there are many children in Toronto today who are living below the poverty lines. Child poverty rates for children under 18 in Toronto went up between 24% in 1990 to approximately 31%-36% in 1995 and are still relatively at the same percentage today. The following graphs are perfect examples of how child poverty has been steadily increasing over the years in Toronto. In 1995 the number of poor families was 94,430 and in 1998 there were 99,940 poor families in Toronto. Another very surprising statistic from Statistics Canada is that in Toronto, one quarter of families with children are poor. This means that about 25% of all families in Toronto struggle to put a meal on the table for their children everyday. It’s because of the lack of income of poor families that places the Daily Bread Food Bank in Toronto, which is the largest in Ontario, is now a permanent necessity for many families and individuals. This clearly shows that a lot of families with children need to rely on food banks just to live. They almost have no money to spend on groceries, and most of their earnings go towards their children’s clothing and education. At the end, the children end up suffering the consequences of living in poverty anyway. In 1990 the median income for a lone parent with children was approximately $30,000, and two parents was approximately $65,000. In Toronto in 1998 a lone parent with children made $25,000, and two parents with children made approximately $55,000. This statistic from Statistics Canada clearly shows the rapid pace at which more and more families are in Toronto are continuing to fall below the poverty line and are getting poorer and poorer. The graph below illustrates the various types of families which live in poverty, such as single household parents, to a full family of four. This graph clearly shows that the number of single parent mothers under the age of 65 with one to three children generally has increased over the years. A number of economic factors can contribute to such shocking statistics. One main one is that the middle class people are almost non existent in today’s society. Nowadays, there is only the rich, and the poor, the rich simply seem to get richer, and the poor as u can see from the stats, just continue to get poorer. Also, another economic factor which is actively participating in the increasing number of people living in poverty in Toronto is the number of immigrant families in Toronto. A surprising finding by United Way is that immigrant families accounted for two-thirds of the totally family population living in higher poverty neighborhoods. Also, there has been an enormous increase among immigrant family population who are living in higher poverty neighborhoods, almost 484%. In 1981, there were 19,700 poor immigrant families, compared to 115,100 in 2001. Rent also has a big impact on family’s living in poverty. The graph below clearly shows that there is a large incre ase from 1991 to 1995 in the number of households spending more than 30% of their income just on rent. Poverty in Toronto is a major issue and there are many factors which contribute to the vast amount of families and individuals who live below the poverty line. The poverty rates evidently, as unfortunate as it may seem will most probably continue to rise in Toronto and there has been no sign of it declining. 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A Training Camp for Aspiring Book Authors

A Training Camp for Aspiring Book Authors A Training Camp for Aspiring Book Authors A Training Camp for Aspiring Book Authors By Daniel Scocco I met Jonathan Fields last year. We were both speaking at the Blog World 2010 conference, and he also attended a small meetup I had organized for online entrepreneurs. During that meetup I was quite impressed with his business and marketing ideas, so I started following his work. Last week he sent me an email saying hes about to launch a training camp for aspiring book authors, and I figured it could be the right program for some of our readers, especially because I know his success stories. Jonathan is a serial entrepreneur and marketing consultant, and a couple of years ago he decided to write a book. He figured that the traditional book publishing model was broken, though, so he went on to develop new strategies to promote his. By leveraging the Internet and his innovate marketing methods he managed to reach a #1 Amazon rank for his category, keeping it for over one month after his book launch. If you want to check it out for yourself heres the Amazon link to his boo, called Career Renegade. He also got featured on many mainstream publications, include The Wall Street Journal, The New York Times, USA Today and NewsWeek. The program hes launching is called Tribal Author Camp, and it runs from August 1st until September 29th. During the first 3 weeks youll learn how to create an online presence, which will be the foundation of your book launch. The following 6 weeks cover all the tactics and strategies you need to know to promote and sell your book. Heres the structure: Weeks 1 3: Digital Author Platform 80/20 your online platform-building efforts to get the biggest return for your efforts Choose your tribal home base and core evangelist channels Mine social media to make your book more buzzable WHILE you’re still writing it Choose between WordPress, Typepad, Blogger, Posterous, Tumblr, Flickr, Twitter, Facebook, forums, podcasts, webcasts, teleseminars, and more Understand the pros and cons between email lists, RSS, followers, fans and friends Learn the unwritten rules of online social communities; break ‘em and you’re dead in the water Weeks 4 6: Building Pre-Launch Buzz Conditioning the market – how to build interest months in advance Developing your pre-order campaign to drive advanced amazon sales, brick mortar pick-up and early buzz Finding and recruiting high-likelihood amazon reviewers Creating your advance copy reviewer list – what metrics guide this critical task How to get big name people to blurb your book – who to ask, who never to ask and why How to integrate traditional PR into the mix (working long and short-lead media and how much not to spend) Creating time-bomb flagship/viral content to drive advance buzz/pre-orders Laying the foundation for mass-exposure blog-coverage and engaging blogger reviews and interviews Weeks 7 8: Launch and Building Critical Mass Compressing coverage into your Critical Window, so that the marketing energy begins to feed on itself and get the world talking and buying books Driving the digital media blitz – coordinating social media mentions, reviews, interviews and emails. What to work like crazy to accomplish and what to avoid like the plague The pros and cons of contests, live streaming launch promotions and the critical mistakes to avoid Creating evangelist contests – what do do, who to include and what never to do Repositioning your book as an irresistible â€Å"key to the castle† buy – how to stack an irresistible offer around your book to sell way more books and build your list a lot faster Limited-time bulk sales launch offers and bundles – do they really work? Week 9: Sustained Growth Getting hyper-creative and keeping your momentum alive Bundling speaking and bulk book orders for maximum sales effect Weekly strategies to fuel ongoing sales and continued buzz Piggybacking major monthly news stories Partnering with organizations causes Negotiating bulk and specialty sales going forward, how to tap the corporate premium market As you can see its quite comprehensive. As I mentioned above the training camp starts on August 1st (i.e., this Friday), so click here to check the official website if you are interested. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Fiction Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:12 Signs and Symbols You Should Know44 Resume Writing Tips50+ Words That Describe Animals (Including Humans)

What lead the German people to fully accept Hitler's views on how Essay

What lead the German people to fully accept Hitler's views on how society should be run - Essay Example Our conception of Hitler is different from how the Germans perceived him. History shows that Hitler is a diabolical person who championed the holocaust. However, there was a substantial number of Germans who believed and supported Hitler’s ideas. At that time most Germans idealized Hitler as the fighting leader of German. Hitler believed that Germans were the superior race; this made him take his nationalistic activities too seriously. Hitler’s views made Germans feel important at a vulnerable stage of their lives. Germany was going through a difficult situation as a result of the World War 1. Hitler presented himself as the hero to the ailing state and manipulated the emotions of the people for his selfish interests. It took Hitler 10 years to be the Chancellor of Germany. During that time, Germans were feeling disillusioned about their leadership, economy, and the social life (Klaus 213) He exerted his extremist and nationalistic ideas, which were welcomed by the vuln erable Germans. Just like any popular leader, Hitler used almost all brainwashing techniques on the vulnerable Germans. ... The party amassed a huge following among the middle class and the workers because of the enigmatic and radical leadership of Hitler. The meetings of the Nazi party were violent because the party members wanted to impose their opinions on others; however this did not alarm the Germans because at that time there was a lot of violence in the German streets particularly from the Frei Corp and the Communists. Hitler’s radical views were against the Weimar Republic. He strongly condemned the leadership for the misfortunes that had befallen Germany. He spoke about it in his rallies, which motivated the people who already thought that Weimar republic was dull and had no capability of restoring the German nationalism. Nazi, on the other hand was considered radical, action oriented and capable of restoring German’s nationalism under the leadership of Hitler. Therefore, Hitler’s action and words played a big part in convincing the Germans that Hitler cared about them. Hitle r dwelled on nationalist ideas. Germany at that time was a bruised nation. After the First World War, Germany had lost a lot, particularly its power. In those days, there was rivalry between nations in Europe on who was superior more than the other. When Germany and their allies lost the world war, their superiority was at stake. People were no longer feeling nationalistic after the war as they used. Hitler maximized on the topic of nationalism. Nationalism was the nerve centre of his Nazist activities. In his book, meim kampf, he wrote that Germans are a portrayal of racial purity and they are destined to be the master race. Hitler made Germans feel superior and important at the time the nation was at its rock bottom. He made Germans believe that they were a part

Health care Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Health care Management - Essay Example According to the study it is very important to evaluate whether the suggested strategies and action plans fall within the SMART category or not. It is one of the most common and efficient test for evaluating the feasibility and efficiency of any strategy or plan. In the current report, the strategies and outcomes are specific so that they pass every criteria of SMART test. The strategies identified after literature surveys are simple, easy to understand and very detailed, where a step by step approach is used for identification of the underlying issue to implementation of the appropriate solution.  From this paper it is clear that  there can be many definitions for healthcare. However, the characteristics differ with respect to its various stakeholders as well as its application in various perspectives. Health care can be described as the treatment, diagnosis as well as prevention of illness, disease, injury or other mental and physical impairments occurring in human beings. It i s practiced and offered by professionals and practitioners in optometry, medicine, pharmacy, nursing, allied health as well as other health care services.  Other important attributes which can be associated with quality healthcare are ensuring support and safety in the environment, reducing morbidity and mortality and overall improvement in the value of life as well as functional health condition of patients.... Health care can be described as the treatment, diagnosis as well as prevention of illness, disease, injury or other mental and physical impairments occurring in human beings. It is practiced and offered by professionals and practitioners in optometry, medicine, pharmacy, nursing, allied health as well as other health care services (Bacon, 2001). Other important attributes which can be associated with quality healthcare are ensuring support and safety in the environment, reducing morbidity and mortality and overall improvement in the value of life as well as functional heal th condition of patients (Senge and Kaeufer, 2001). Figure 1 Matrix for Healthcare (Source: Schofield, 2009). The above diagram very aptly represents healthcare management at its best. Few of the basic questions like, what and how, provide the health professionals with exact answers to their issues. In order to describe an appropriate and effective health care system, the entire process can be divided into three stages; structure, process and outcome. Structure involves features like, determining number and type of healthcare personnel, type and age of equipments as well as other facilities required for service delivery and organisational aspects such as, committee structures (Mullins, 2010). Characteristics like, safety and coverage, can also be related to structure. The next stage is process which includes activities involving receiving and providing care. It might include aspects of process indicators such as, continuity, timeliness as well as patient compliance. The third stage is outcome which includes the result of the structure and process.